Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Journal Research Paper Writing Service

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Types Of Memory And Memory Essay - 1368 Words

Have you ever had an eventful story of your childhood that you seem to always retell every time you meet someone new? That is because you are able to access the memory of the event in your mind that was stored in your long term memory. There are three different types of memory each one having a different purpose. First being the long term memory which stores memory’s for long periods of time. Next is short term memory also known as working memory which only last for an estimated 15-30 seconds. Finally is sensory memory which is the ability to remember sensory information. Throughout time it has been constantly said that women have better memory than men. In order to gain a better understanding between the difference of gender and memory multiple tests have been conducted. With regard to memory this study is focused primarily but not limited to short term memory. Short term memory meaning the capacity to store a minimal amount of information for a short period of time. Conducti ve to this study the research covers a large array of different tests in order to determine which gender has the superior memory. These multiple test includes but isn’t limited to test discerning faces of people of different and same races, telling apart different shapes, words, and figures, as well as determine object location through memory. Each group was tested based off of their memory and their ability to recall what they were shown. Thus given the results of these multiple studies we are able toShow MoreRelatedMemory And Memory : The Three Types Of Memory2065 Words   |  9 PagesThree Types of Memory Aisha Smaller P.5 10-24-17 What Are The Three Types of Memory? What are the three types of memory? The three types of memory are the following; short term memory, long term memory, and sensory memory. Before I go into the three types of memory, let’s talk about one very important vocab word. The vocab word is the word memory. Memory refers to the how much information we can store and manipulate from our memory to our processing center, or working memory. Now that we understandRead MoreMemory and the Different Types of Memory Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesMemory and the Different Types of Memory Abstract This paper explains the differences between the each type of memory. Research will also show the roles of each memory system and how they pertain to memory. This paper will concentrate on each area of memory and will explain the problems of forgetting. Memory and the Different Types of Memory Memory can be defined as a â€Å"processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involvedRead More The Different Types of Memory Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe Different Types of Memory Memory is one of the most puzzling parts of the brain. How can our brain store more information and thoughts than an encyclopedia and weigh less then three pounds? The brain gives us the ability to act on our own. To think, say, and do things we want to do all occur because of our brain. The brain controls our movement, our thoughts, and our memory. Memory, the process of storing and retrieving information in the brain, consists of three main types, short-term, long-termRead MoreLevels Of Processing And Type Of Memory788 Words   |  4 Pagescourse have conducted a study on levels of processing (LOP) and type of memory. The foundation of the present study is molded after the Challis, B. H., Brodbeck, D. R. (1992) study which aimed to confirm that LOP has a significant effect on type of memory. Researches, in addition to the previously mentioned, would like to validate that a dissociative effect will occur between the types of memory (implicit memory and explicit memory) just as Roediger, H. I., Srinivas, K., Weldon, M. S. (1989) reportedRead MoreDescribe the Type of Memory Loss794 Words   |  4 Pages1.2 Describe the types of memory impairment commonly experienced by individuals with dementia. Memory problems are usually the most obvious symptom in people with dementia. For example, a person with early stages of dementia might go to the shops and then cannot remember what they wanted. It is also common to misplace objects. As dementia progresses, sometimes memory loss for recent events is severe and the person may appear to be living in the past. They may think of themselves as young and notRead MoreTypes Of Long Term Memory2173 Words   |  9 Pages(1969), long-term memory is defined as the processes by which information is stored in and retrieved from. The two processes involved in long-term memory are encoding and retrieval. Encoding refers to the process in which information is learned and converted into a memory representation, whereas retrieval refers to accessing previously stored information (Shiffrin Atkinson, 1969). The two forms of long-term memory are declarative or explicit memory and non-declarative or implicit memory. DeclarativeRead MoreThe Different Typ es of Memory Devices Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesThe Different Types of Memory Devices This technical report will look at various different memory devices and how they are implemented in a standard computer system. Internal memory devices such as ROM, PROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM, SIMM and DIMM will be looked at in order to give a clear idea of how each one operates, and external devices such as memory sticks will also be touched upon. Each of these devices uses different types of memory in different ways. Over the courseRead MoreEssay on Three Different Types of Human Memory2462 Words   |  10 PagesMemory is the diary we all carry about with us, Oscar Wilde once said. Now for a second imagine a life without any memories! One wouldnt be able to remember his/her name, how to look after themselves or to even recognize their own friends and family. It would be impossible to live happily without ones memories. That is why our memories are such vital points in our lives. They are the building blocks of our current selves. Due to those reasons it is very useful to find as much information regardingRead MoreDifferent Types Of Memory Through Comparing Short Term And Long2315 Words   |  10 Pagescalled memory. According to the authors memory is defined as the brain storage for acquired information and the ability to retrieve these information over time (Klandorf, Sherwood, Yancey, p.195). The purpose of this paper is to drive clarity about the different types of memory through comparing short-term and long-term memory, and to explain the underlining physiological mechanisms of short-term and long-term memory. Also, how memories are retrieved will be discussed. The Different Types of MemoryRead MoreMemory Is The Most Ideal Spot At Store Information, And The Two Types Of Privacy972 Words   |  4 PagesMemory Memory is an important aspect throughout many of our lives, and is key for remembering material for exams, the layout around us, and memorable events in our life. There are many types of memory, such perceptual memory, short term memory, and long term memory. Depending on what one wants to learn, long term memory is the most ideal spot to store information such as material for an exam. In my Social Media Today class I am required to memorize a great deal of information, including everything

Competitive Strategy for Hotel Industry - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategyfor Hotel Industry and Airline Industry. Answer: Introduction This is the age of Globalization, digital revolution, Internet of things, cloud computing and disruption. All these technologies and developments have also bring the legends and established businesses quite focused and conscious in this world of startups that have the power of shaking their established business just with their innovative idea. Take the example of taxi aggregator Uber which has provide vary tough competition to local home grown taxi players in various countries and has now been expanded to 85 countries in just nine years of its business operations. Uber does not require much investment of owning plants, machinery, and labor. It has a lean business model but the business idea is quite innovate. Similarly, competitive strategy has become very important in this world where each business must answer the question that how it differentiates itself from the competitors and how it is actually creating the value. Not only this, when there is pressure on cutting the costs and p assing on to the savings on to the customers, each company is trying hard to provide better value to its customers. AAA framework is one such framework that helps the companies to create more value for their customers. First A stands for Adaptation, which means use of local techniques or adapting to local requirements (Ghemawat, 2013). It is opposite of Standardization where the company just provides the same products irrespective of the region. Second A stands for Aggregation, which means exploiting economies of scale, which cut the costs and also increase the revenue of the company. Third A stands for Arbitrage which means exploiting the differences between the currency exchange rate, rate, trading between different countries which makes possible to buy at low value in one market and sell at high value in another thereby earning a profit without much investment. Arbitrage in more general terms can be considered as outsourcing and off shoring strategies (Ghemawat, 2013). The purpose of this report is to discuss about the AAA framework and how is used by the four companies in two industries. This paper aim to study the applications of AAA framework and how the world-class companies to reap the benefits leverage this. The chosen industries are hotel industry and airline industry. Analysis Most of the organizations are seeking to expand their operations in new countries as their markets are already been saturated as well as penetrated by global players. Organizations are also thinking to divert the attention of their competitors by expanding in their nations and let them also diver their efforts over there. This AAA framework works for the companies, which are looking for global expansion to operate in multiple geographies (Ghemawat, 2013). This report will focus on the four companies out of which two belongs to hotel industry and two belongs to airline industry. The organizations in these industries can be mentioned as: Hotel Industry: Marriott International Hyatt Hotels Airline Industry: Qantas Airlines Emirates The concepts of AAA framework are used mostly by global and multinational organizations as they enter and expand in new regions. For example, Marriott Hotels has large number of hotels in different parts of the world. The company also has some level of standardization across its hotels (Harwit, 2013). However, its hotel in Australia and Germany are not similar. There exists some level of local customization in each of the hotel based on number of internal and external parameters like demographics, people preferences, international tourists, government support, spending power of consumers, etc. It is important that the organizations must realize the key benefits of AAA framework. This framework can be considered as a guideline that helps organizations to devise their strategy. In addition to this framework, there are numbers of things that organizations must consider. The discussion for adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage for these two industries and four organizations can be discus sed in detail as: Adaptation Simply defined, adaptation means use of local techniques or adapting to local requirements. In the classical terms, adaptation is opposite of Standardization where the company just provides the same products irrespective of the region. The use of adaptation is high in hotel industry as compared to airline industry. Bharadwaj El Sawy (2013) highlighted that hotels could be personalized thing for travelers and tourists. Therefore, it is important that the organizations in hotel industry should be in a position to provide this customization to consumers. Marriot International has number of hotels in different parts of the world. However, the design of its rooms and hotels is not same for every hotel. Marriot and Hyatt are the big names in hotel industry and obviously there is some level of basic expectations that people have from these hotels. The management is committed to provide and satisfy the minimum requirements. For example, guests would expect a big swimming pool and restaurant s with international cuisine when the visit these hotels. The adaptation is observed in terms of local culture and consumers. For example, some of the Marriott hotels are close to beach side and some are in the heart of city (Leonidou Christodoulides, 2015). The places where business traverse are more have Marriot hotels that suits to business professionals and the places where tourist are more have Marriot hotels that suits to leisure travelers. The use of adaptation is also observed in the airline industry. Emirates operate its flights in more than 100 countries and the company has different facilities in different regions. To highlight a perspective, Emirates specially came with the idea of premium economy to cater to the need of Indian market. The management of Emirates realized that Indian consumers cannot pay as much and as a result Emirates reduced its price in Indian market. Qantas Airways is also an international brand; however, majority of its business comes from Australian market. As compared to Emirates, Qantas has used less level of adaptation. However, as the company would expand it would need to shift its focus from standardization to include more of adaptation or localization in place. Aggregation It would be correct to say that aggregation is a key concept for organization to improve their bottom lines of revenue and profitability. Aggregation means exploiting economies of scale, which cut the costs and also increases the revenue of the company. Blackburn Hart (2013) highlighted that the organizations would want to focus on aggregation only because they can increase their profitability. The evidence of aggregation is observed in both the industries of hotels and airline (Goerzen Asmussen, 2014). The large hotels like Marriott and Hyatt would always have hundred of rooms in their hotels. This is done to take the advantage of economies of scale. The management of these large hotels realizes that the basic infrastructure like swimming pool, gym, restaurants, security would remain for less or more rooms. Therefore, the hotels would focus to have large number of rooms. This concept is evident in Marriott as well as Hyatt. However, the comparison of these two hotels would reveal that the use of aggregation is more for Marriott as compared to the use of aggregation for Hyatt. The Hyatt Hotel would have fewer rooms per hotel as compared to rooms per hotel for Marriott (Bentley Omer, 2013). The concept of aggregation is also evident in the business operation of organizations in airline industry. The flight of Qantas would have a large option of seats in economy class. In general, the airlines have large number of economy class seats, as the chances of occupancy are high in economy class seats as compared to business class seats. Emirates have some aircrafts where the numbers of business seats are high. Therefore, with respect to aggregation, it can be said that Qantas Airways has more use and implication of this concept as compared to Emirates. It would also be correct to say that the application of aggregation concept is almost similar for the organizations in airline industry and it is expected that the organizations would continue to use this concept (Lee Jeon, 2010). Arbitrage The use of arbitrage is usually high for the organizations that have to manage their operations in global environment. Arbitrage in more general terms can be considered as outsourcing and off shoring strategies. In this era of globalization, organizations would want to outsource their business operations to places of low cost. For example, a lot of companies would outsource their manufacturing in China. The use of outsourcing is not directly evident in the business operations of hotel industry or airline industry. However, the companies in these industry segments use arbitrage in indirect manner (Masli Richardson, 2011). The players in hotel industry need a lot of stuff to manage their operations. The most basic example of arbitrage as used in hotel industry would be the use of things like dental kit, crockery, etc. The large hotels like Marriott and Hyatt would get these things imported from China. This is done to save the cost. These companies are able to save almost 30% of their cost when they get the stuff from outside (O'Grady Rouse, 2010). The same strategy is observed in the business operations of Marriott and Hyatt. However, the comparison of these two companies in this dimension would reveal that the use of arbitrage is high for Marriott as compared to the use of arbitrage for Hyatt. It is expected that the players in hotel industry would continue to use arbitrage to manage their operations. The use and application of arbitrage is also evident in the business operation of airline industry. Emirates have to manage its flights in different countries. The company always prefers to get the stuff from the country where the cost is low. Emirates would have to carry the inventory of things like food, drinks, etc. in its flights (Alvarez Pilbeam, 2010). The company uses arbitrage to get the inventory from the place where the cost is minimal. The same strategy or policy is observed in the business operation of Qantas. However, the use of arbitrage is less for Qantas airways as compared to the use of arbitrage for Emirates as Qantas would usually fill the inventory from Australia only. It is expected that the players in airline industry would continue to use arbitrage to manage their operations. Conclusion The above paper analyzes the use of AAA framework for the organizations in two industry segments of hotel and airline. The paper discusses the application of this framework for Marriott International Hyatt in airline industry and Emirates Airlines Qantas Airways in airline industry. The companies in both the industry segments use arbitrage in terms of outsourcing or procuring the things at minimal cost. The use of adaptation is more in hotel industry as compared to airline industry. The use of aggregation is also more in hotel industry and within the airline industry, it would also be correct to say that the application of aggregation concept is almost similar for different organizations. In terms of arbitrage, the use of arbitrage strategies is almost similar for both the industries. References Alvarez, G., Pilbeam, C., Wilding, R. (2010). Nestl Nespresso AAA sustainable quality program: an investigation into the governance dynamics in a multi-stakeholder supply chain network.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,15(2), 165-182. Bentley, K.A., Omer, T.C. and Sharp, N.Y., 2013. Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.780-817. Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Blackburn, R.A., Hart, M. and Wainwright, T., 2013. Small business performance: business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics.Journal of small business and enterprise development,20(1), pp.8-27. Ghemawat, P. (2013).Redefining global strategy: Crossing borders in a world where differences still matter. Harvard Business Press. Goerzen, A., Asmussen, C. G., Nielsen, B. B. (2014). Global cities and multinational enterprise location strategy. InLocation of International Business Activities(pp. 137-180). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Harwit, E. (2013). Chinese and Japanese investment in Southeast and South Asia: case studies of the electronics and automobile industries.The Pacific Review,26(4), 361-383. Lee, S. H., Jeon, R. K., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. J. (2010). Strategies for developing countries to expand their shares in the global construction market: phase-based SWOT and AAA analyses of Korea.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,137(6), 460-470. Leonidou, L. C., Christodoulides, P., Kyrgidou, L. P., Palihawadana, D. (2015). Internal drivers and performance consequences of small firm green business strategy: the moderating role of external forces.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-22. Masli, A., Richardson, V. J., Sanchez, J. M., Smith, R. E. (2011). The business value of IT: A synthesis and framework of archival research.Journal of Information Systems,25(2), 81-116. O'Grady, W., Rouse, P., Gunn, C. (2010). Synthesizing management control frameworks.Measuring Business Excellence,14(1), 96-108.

Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Example

Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb Essay Student ID: 12062298D Student Name: Lau Tsz Ling Argument: Transformational leadership is positively related to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Introduction Choosing a good leading approach is critical for a leader to succeed in leading a team in order to achieve team’s goal. Transformational leadership is one of the recommendable leadership theories for leaders to follow for motivating followers to accomplish more than what they have planned through various ways. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a ladder for followers to participate more and it is believed that transformational leadership can enhance the degree of OCB, but mostly through an indirect way, by influencing job satisfactions and organizational commitment and thus OCB. This essay first focuses on how transformational leadership affect followers’ behavior. The second part will be the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfactions and organizational commitment. Finally, I will come into the indirectly effect of transformational leadership on OCB through job satisfaction and organizational commitment, by using Perceived organizational Support, Equity theory and Social-Exchange Theory for explaination. Transformational leadership According to Burns (1978), transformational leadership is a process that tries to move the consciousness of followers up through appealing to higher ideals and values. Bass (1985) suggests that transformational leader can make followers to pay more attention to consider the task outcomes value, act for the goal of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transformational Leadership Is Positively Related to Ocb specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Besides, it can also motivate the followers to put extra effort like putting high level goals instead of performing the minimum requirements of their work. There are 4 main factors suggests by Bass (1985) on transformational leadership. They are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation. The first factor, idealized influence, refers to the perception and action that followers toward leader (Bass,1985). If a leader act as a role model for the followers, they can be more easily to gain trust and respect from followers. The second factor is inspirational motivation. It means the articulation of a leader’s vision which appeal and inspire followers (Berson, Shamir, Avolio Popper, 2001). The third factor, Individual consideration is that â€Å"assignment are delegated to followers to provide learning opportunites† (Williams, Pollai, Schriesheim, 1999:898). The last factor, intellectual stimulation, means that leader stimulate followers’ creativity in order to think in various ways so as to increase productivity. Organizational Citizenship Bahavior (OCB) Organ (1988) defines OCB as behavior of workers which is discretionary and excess their basic job requirements. This behavior is beneficial to organization. OCB is excluded from formally defined role prescriptions. Hence, it is hard for managers to reward employees who perform OCB and punish who does not perform (Moorman and Blakely, 1995). In aggregate, contributions from OCB enhance the effectiveness of organizational functioning. Therefore, it is the main concern of managers what they can do to make the employees carry out OCB. Organizational Commitment (OC) Allen and Meyer(1991) constructs a three-component model about OC. They are affective commitment, calculative commitment and normative commitment. Meyer and Allen(1991) proposes that affective commitment is the emotional attachment of individual to the organization with identification . Calculative commitment is defined as the need for an employee to stay in an organization due to their investment put and sunk costs. Normative commitment refers to the obligation of employees to remain in the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). In some meta-analyses (Organ and Ryan,1995) (Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, Topolnytsky, 2002), they find that there is a positively relationship between affective and normative commitment and OCB, whereas no relationship between continuance commitment and OCB. In the following study, I will mainly focus on the effect of affective and normative commitment on OCB only. Job Satisfaction Locke (1976,p. 1300) defined job satisfaction as â€Å"pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences†. If employees feel success, gain joyful from their job, higher job satisfaction is resulted. In the following paragraphs, I am going to have a look on how transformational leadership is positively influencing Job satisfaction and commitment. Transformational leadership and Organizational Commitment Followers’ organizational commitment can be easily influenced by practicing transformational leadership. For example, helping followers in solving problems on their works, getting help in making decision when they face difficulties in choosing choice, caring their needs so as to develop their potential skills, creating a common goal among leaders and followers as well as highlighting the importance of each followers in achieving goals (Avolio, Zhu, Koh, Bhatia, 2004; Shamir, House, Arther,1993; Shamir, Zakay, Breinin, Popper, 1998). Followers will then feel being supported, self-esteem is elevated and adjust themselves to get into the same vision with leaders (Kent,2001). Finally, followers will pay back the leader’s effort by putting higher commitment. The above relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment is supported by the Avolio and his colleagues’ study(2004). They carried out the study in a large public hospital in Singapore and invited 520 staff nurses to participate. The result shows that transformational leadership is positively associated with organizational commitment through studying followers’ level of empowerment and structural distance. Although different level of empowerment and structural distance will influence the degree of organizational commitment, there is still a positive relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. From another study done by Emery Barker(2007), which includes participates from banking and food industry, also find out that transformational leadership is positively correlated to organizational commitment and the level of commitment is higher than those follow transactional leader. Transformational leadership and Job satisfaction Cohrs, Abele, Dette (2006) suggest that one of the major determinants of job satisfaction is leadership and transformational leadership is one of it (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Morrman, Fetter,1990). By practicing transformational leadership, leaders can instruct a sense of mission and intellectual stimulation. (Bass,1985). Leaders can also know the needs and aspirations of followers so as to give them personal attention. Followers’ confidence, motivation and effectiveness can then be increased (WalumbwaKuchinke, 1999). Besides, Avolio and Bass (1995) believe that transformational leaders can build trust and respect with followers by giving individualized attention. When followers feel they have received the special attention from leaders, they are more willing to work harder to meet their expectations and longer-term goals. Job satisfaction is then increased. Walumbwa and his colleagues’ (2005) has carried out a study on whether there is a relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. They have asked the participants, who are tellers and clerks form five banks in United States and seven foreign and local banks in Kenya to rate 3 items managers’ leadership behavior, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The result shows that transformational leadership is related to both job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Emery and Barker(2007) also take study on customer contact personnel. It also shows that transformational leadership can increase job satisfaction and organizational commitment. In Avolio, Bass and their colleagues’ (2004) research also shows that transformational leadership is connected with work-related behaviors and attitudes, including job satisfaction. From the above empirical studys and analyses, it is worth to believe there is a positively association between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The above analyses and studies show out the positive relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. In the following paragraph, I am going to show out how job satisfaction and organizational commitment act as mediator between transformational leadership and OCB. Organizational commitment Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational commitment is a multidimensional concept and I am going to use affective and normative commitment to be the mediator between transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. When employee feel being cared, supported from their leader, higher affective commitment is resulted. One of the reason behind may be both are mainly related to emotion. As giving care and support is one part of the transformational leadership, the degree of affective commitment can be increased. With a stronger affective commitment, employees are more willing to work and put more effort in achieving organizational goal. Besides, affective commitment can influence employees’ attention between the connection between their work performance and the organizational objective. They will have more evaluation on their own performance and how much their contribution is related to the success of achieving goal is. Increase in the degree of affective commitment will also increase the contribution from employees. With higher affective commitment, they have higher motivation to work and not only perform in-role performance i. e. their basic job requirement, but also the extra-role, for example, introduce the organizational structure and normal operations to the new employees which is included as OCB. This obligation can be created by the training provided from the organization and the interaction between leader and followers. When transformational leader provide idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation to his/her followers, normative commitment of followers will be enhanced. This can be explained by Perceived Organizational Support(Elisenberger et al,2002) and Equity Theory(Adam,1965). According to Perceived Organizational Support (Elisenberger et al,2002), employees who have received high extent of attention, trust and support will reciprocate the organization with better performance. Referring to the Equity theory, Adam(1965) suggests that employee who enjoys superior treatment from the organization after compared with others’ treatment will try to improve their work quality and productivity as return to leader or organization. However, the work outcomes are not singly determined by one’s effort. As a result, employee will render the care and support by OCB. Therefore, with higher level of both affective commitment and normative commitment, higher degree of OCB is resulted. The positively correlation between OCB and affective commitment and normative commitment are supported by several study. Meyer and Hersocovitch(2001) claims that OCB is a consequences of OC. Besides, a positive relationship between affective and OCB is supported by O’Reilly and Chatman(1986) study. Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch and Topolnytsky’s research(2002) also find that affective and normative commitment is positively connected to OCB. In Snape, Chan and Redman(2006) study, it shows that increase in degree of organizational commitment will increase the level of OCB. Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior When transformational leaders help employees to solve problem, stimulate them to develop their potential, provide care and support to the followers’ needs, they will have a higher motivation to work and logically a better performance. Gaining the feeling of success from job will then increase their job satisfaction. Williams and Anderson(1991) said that one of the most important predictors of OCB is job satisfaction and there is a strong positive relationship between them. In other words, the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the motivation and the better the work performance is. Griffith(2003) suggests that employees with higher job satisfaction will have a higher evaluation about the organization. They are more willing to help others and do more than what they are required to do, i. e. performing extra-role performance. Besides, in order to reciprocate the organization as employees find satisfaction from their job, employees are more willing to commit themselves to the organization, resulting in performing OCB in return. The relationship between job satisfaction and OCB can be explained by Social Exchange Theory (Emerson, 1976). The costs and benefits from work can be both mental and physical. The â€Å"costs† of work can be the time forgone, feeling tired, rap from managers, etc. , whereas the â€Å"benefits† from the job are salaries, success in achieving organizational goals as well as the job satisfaction. When the degree of job satisfaction is high, the benefits will increase and the cost will decrease at the same time. As a result, the â€Å"worth† to work will be increased. In order to repay the worth from work, employees is more easily to perform OCB in exchange. There are several studies and meta-analyses shows that there is a positively relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. The meta-analyses carried out by Organ and Ryan(1995) shows that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Organ and Ryan(1995) makes a study on nurse about the relationship between job satisfaction and OCB and it shows a positive result. The degree of OCB is also positively correlated to job satisfaction (Organ and Lingl, 1995) Conclusion To conclude, I have discussed the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and OCB. As a transformational leader will influence the degree of followers’ organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and the degree of organizational commitment and job satisfaction is also correlated to employees’ willingness of performing OCB, it is worth to believe that transformational leadership can influence OCB indirectly. Although there are many studies and meta-analyses have been carried out to study their relationship, the important thing is to practice it out. Leader should try to become a transformational leader to motivate and encourage their followers. Through the practice, followers will gain support and care. They will then reciprocate the organization by making improvement in both in-role and extra-role (OCB) performance. 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